Фонетическая сторона речи

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. | So many benefits! 2. | Attracting tourists 3. | What coral reefs like 4. | Productive interaction | | 5. | Dangers they face 6. | The well-known reef 7. | What are coral reefs? 8. | Protecting coral reefs A. | Coral reefs are large underwater structures. Hard corals are the types of coral that make up reefs. They get calcium carbonate from saltwater to construct an exoskeleton. Soft corals are different species of coral that do not contribute to the formation of reefs. These flexible corals, including species like sea whips and fans, often look like trees and plants. The coral reef gradually grows larger over time, getting one little exoskeleton at each stage until they are substantial aquatic ecosystem parts. B. | It is interesting to know that coral reefs only cover a small percentage of the ocean floor, but they generate a large amount of oxygen. In fact, the earth’s atmosphere gets half of its oxygen from coral reefs. They are necessary for both human survival and the survival of aquatic life. Corals are not in charge of creating oxygen. However, they supply a habitat for special algae, which creates oxygen and distributes it into the atmosphere. So, their symbiotic relationship produces great results for the planet. C. | Coral reefs provide an available playground. They protect coastlines from erosion and storms, and support local economies. They are also a source of food and medicines. Over 500 million people rely on reefs for food, safety, and money. Fishing, snorkeling, and diving on and around reefs generate a lot of money for nearby businesses. Native people worldwide place a great deal of cultural value on these ecosystems. Whatever the case, there is no denying the importance of corals for the planet. D. | Barrier reefs run parallel to a shoreline distinguished by a large lagoon or other body of water. The word “barrier” is used here to describe how these reefs, which reach the water’s surface at their shallowest point, act as a barrier separating the ocean and the coast. The most famous barrier reef is the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. It is also the world’s largest barrier reef. The Great Barrier Reef is predicted to be about 20 million years old, but it has managed to maintain its charm over the years. E. | Coral reefs need sunlight to grow, that is why they hardly ever grow in deep waters. They also are more likely to be found in tropical oceans, as the water is clearer and warmer there. Coral reefs also grow where there are stronger wave patterns and currents. The stronger currents and waves deliver more food for the ecosystem that creates the reef structure. Oddly enough, reefs usually grow on the eastern shore of land masses. The temperature there is thought to be warmer than on the western side. F. | The oceans absorb much of the warmth and energy from the earth’s atmosphere. The ocean temperature rises as a result of this heat absorption. Thus, coral reefs have trouble growing when the temperature rises. Sadly, certain regions of the world now experience high temperatures due to global warming. Another threat to coral reefs is ocean pollution brought on by human activities and development. Microplastics are among the main pollutants, and when consumed by corals, they lead to diseases in coral reefs. G. | Everyone should understand the importance of coral reefs in maintaining the proper oxygen level in the atmosphere. Both our survival and the survival of aquatic organisms depend on these reefs. The decline of coral reefs may finally result in the extinction of humans as well. People lose the source of oxygen more quickly as coral reefs are destroyed. By lowering the toxic gases causing global warming, people can do their part to conserve coral reefs. One should not pollute the environment around the water supply.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. | Clever habits 2. | Surviving flora 3. | Adding two more 4. | What’s the weather like? | | 5. | Humans cause harm 6. | Young and beautiful 7. | Native people’s habits 8. | Where is the taiga found? A. | The taiga biome stretches across the Northern Hemisphere. It takes in large areas of North America and Eurasia, especially Canada and Russia, respectively. It also spans across Alaska and Scandinavia. The taiga biome occupies about 27% of the Earth’s surface. It is located south of the tundra biome, which is characterized by a frozen land and constant snow. Because of its location, the taiga biome is rather cold. It is to the north of the temperate forests and grasslands, which are much warmer. B. | There are cold winds that blow cold Arctic air into the taiga biome, making it very cold most of the year. Therefore, this climate is called the subarctic climate. The earth rotates around the sun annually. Due to the tilt of the sun, the taiga biome faces away from the sun, resulting in long snowy winters, which are extremely cold. Another effect is that there is less radiation from the sun to heat the land up. For these reasons, the summer is barely three months long, and the winter is double that. C. | The taiga is home to various species of plants. These plants are used to an extremely cold climate and mainly consist of coniferous trees, evergreens, and spruces. The absence of sunlight in the biome is an important factor, which means plants must have adaptable leaves. The evergreens have green leaves throughout the year, so they have enough food due to the presence of chlorophyll in their leaves. They keep the same leaves for a very long time, enabling them to use minimal solar energy. D. | There is a limit to the number of animals that can survive in the taiga, due to the cold temperatures. Still, there are many animal species, including mammals, birds, and insect species. Like the taiga plants, animals in the biome must have adaptive features to survive in this climate. During the summer, more animals are in sight than during the winter. This is because most of them either migrate to warmer biomes where they can cope easily, especially for birds, or spend the winter sleeping until the next summer season. E. | Surprisingly, there are six seasons, as identified by the native people of the boreal forest or taiga. The seasons are spring, break-up, summer, autumn, freeze-up, and winter. The period in October, when the trees lose their leaves and the lakes become frozen, is known as freeze-up. This period occurs after autumn and ends when winter starts. The other period is when the snow melts, and the ground looks bare. This season is called the break-up season and may last quite long – until all the ice in the lakes has melted. F. | Compared to certain trees that grow in more temperate climates, most of the trees in the boreal forest or taiga are young. Forests are typically less than 100 years old throughout the western boreal zone, and mainly younger than 200 years old in the eastern boreal zone. Due to frequent natural disasters that are the result of an ecological loop that renews the boreal forest, scientists do not believe this amazing forest to be ancient. But they all agree that it is the largest biome on land. G. | The boreal forest contributes greatly to the earth’s oxygen supply by collecting carbon dioxide produced by people. It helps a lot in the preservation of the ozone layer thanks to its green vegetation. However, human activities such as deforestation are destroying the boreal forest’s structure. When a tree is harmed, it takes a long time to grow back, because the biome has an extremely slow growth rate. That’s why the boreal forest has drawn the attention of the environment protection specialists worldwide.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1. | A great school 2. | Not a happy life 3. | Ecological concern 4. | Nice memories of zoos | | 5. | Scientific studies 6. | A topic for debate 7. | Ruined natural order 8. | Helping creatures in danger A. | Most children enjoy visiting zoos. However, as kids grow older, they start to understand the concept of captivity. Indeed, the question of whether zoos are ethical or not is a controversial one. It is clear that whether zoos are ethical depends on how the individual zoo is managed and run. It is also important to consider what animals are kept in it. So, the answer is not a straightforward yes or no. It depends on many factors, such as the zoo’s purpose, the animals’ living conditions, and their overall well-being. B. | Zoos play an important role in educating the public about wildlife protection. This offers a good opportunity for people to learn about animals they might never see in the wild. Visitors can find information signs next to the animal exhibits. There are a lot of interactive programmes to get up close to some animals. People can learn more about their habitats and behaviours. This kind of education can be especially helpful for children who may not have access to such information otherwise. C. | Zoos are actively involved in protection for endangered species. Some zoos participate in breeding programmes and other projects to preserve and protect animal species. There are some cases where a species is critically endangered or facing threats such as poaching and habitat destruction. Zoos can help here. They provide a much safer environment for these animals to grow and develop. In fact, some animals are so rare that living in a zoo is actually better for survival and population growth compared to the wild. D. | Zoos offer a lot of research opportunities to study and understand animal behaviour, biology, and health. It is much easier to observe animals in captivity because of consistent access to them. So researchers can study various aspects of wild animals’ lives. Otherwise, it would be difficult or impossible to watch them in the wild. Besides, this research can give valuable advice on how people can better support these animals, even those living in the wild. This work can improve their well-being. E. | In every ecosystem, every living organism plays an important role in maintaining its balance. When animals are taken out of their natural habitats and placed in zoos, this balance is changed. It affects not just the animal removed, but also other species that might depend on it. There is also the ethical question of whether humans truly have the right to decide which species should grow or struggle, live or die. Critics of the zoo system say that people have no right to change the world of nature. F. | Nothing can replace the freedom and complexity of life in the wild. Captivity, even in the most enriched environment, is still captivity. The stress caused by the lack of space and unusual living conditions in a zoo can lead to physical and psychological health problems for wild animals. Some animals exhibit signs of abnormal and repetitive behaviour. This is believed to be caused by stress and boredom. Everyone has at least once seen the endless pacing of caged tigers, leopards, or other big cats in the zoo. G. | Zoos offer a lot of ways to create laughter and moments of happiness with one’s family. But they are not best friends with the environment. They can also badly affect some animal species. Zoos are really not good for the environment. Establishing a new zoo requires a lot of modification. That may mean damaging natural habitats for some species. Zoos also involve distant movement of wildlife, sending out more greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere, and contributing to global warming.